To Kill A Mockingbird Judgement Essay - 1406 Words

Judgement; The Heart of It All Eden Kavanagh Period 6 January 24, 2017 â€Å"Never laugh at or judge someone because you never know, someday you might find yourself in the same situation†- Anonymous. This quote can be applied to each character also each person in life. The jury should not laugh at the prisoner because it is only a matter of time before roles can be switched. In Harper Lee s award winning novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, she sets the plot in the small Southern town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the Depression. During this time period, issues like classism, racism, genderism, and general stereotyping were quite prudent. Harper reveals that it is unjust for one person to make the rash decision of placing judgement and†¦show more content†¦But unlike the Ewells, the Cunninghams display their independence by living isolated in the northern part of the county, where they attempt to supplement an honest living as farmers. Walter Jr. comes to school hungry but in clean clothes, unlike Burris Ewell, the filthiest human I had ever seen. Jem considers most of the rest of the people as ordinary, for they share many of the same beliefs and behaviors as the Finch family. They live in homes on Maycomb s residential streets, where the fathers hold down jobs and the families attend the local churches. This way of thinking is quite accepted around Maycomb even though it is not technically correct. Moreover, racism is one of the biggest problems not only in the book but also in the world. It creates much conflict and makes many innocent, like Tom Robinson become wrongly accused felons. The trial of Tom Robinson serves as the highly-anticipated moment in the novel. Tom Robinson is accused of raping a young white woman named Mayella. The oldest child, Mayella becomes a mother figure for her younger siblings. In addition, the novel implies that Mayella is involved in an abusive relationship with her father. While Atticus represents justice and morality, Bob Ewell represents ignorance and racial prejudice. In fact, Bob Ewell’s full name is Robert E. Lee Ewell, named after the general who commanded the Confederate army. The nameShow MoreRelatedThe English Assessment Task For Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1360 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Assessment Task 1 - ‘To Kill A Mockingbird’ Essay â€Å"Whether Maycomb knows it or not, we’re paying him the highest tribute we can pay a man. We trust him to do right.† To what extent are life values and lessons reflected throughout the novel ‘To Kill A Mockingbird’? The great degree that Harper Lee reflects life values and lessons throughout ’To Kill A Mockingbird’ is elucidated through the teachings of the main adult protagonist, Atticus Finch. Over three summers, Atticus guides his childrenRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird1286 Words   |  6 PagesTo Kill A Mockingbird Essay Reading broadens our minds and touches our hearts. It creates greater understanding and compassion in the reader through its characters and themes. Write an essay that addresses the ideas expressed in this statement with reference to your class novel. â€Å"You never really understand a person, until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.† With over 30 million copies sold worldwide and claiming title to the prestigious Pulitzer Prize, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† isRead MorePrejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: GCSE Coursework The theme of prejudice is central to the novel. A number of characters are discriminated against. Making close reference to the text discuss what you think Harper Lee wants us to learn about society as illustrated in her novel ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ set in 1930’s America. In this essay I will give my opinions on why in ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’, Harper Lee included a lot of prejudice and controversial issues in the 1930’s. Also I will explore the ideasRead MoreThe Change Humans Minds And Emotions Undergo Overtime1575 Words   |  7 PagesEssay Outline – 2 Claims; 4 Evidence Introductory Paragraph: General Statement: The change humans’ minds and emotions undergo overtime is known as ‘coming of age’. Claim 1: Certain circumstances promote cognitive advancement. Claim 2: As children mature and grow older they learn how to control and process their emotions. Thesis (arguable? Opinion): This work of Harper Lee highlights the painful reality of growing up validating the belief that its characters effectively demonstrate the crucialRead MorePersonality Review : Atticus Finch From Harper Lee s Kill A Mockingbird1265 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality Review Essay: Atticus Finch from Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird What do you think when you picture a good leader? Do you picture someone who possesses integrity, loyalty, and knowledge or someone who is strong, loud and powerful? Leaders can have many different qualities and still be successful, respected, and admired. There are some leaders who are in total control, they tell a group of people what to do and people follow orders. Others may be focused more on morals, they teachRead MoreThe Instances of Injustice and Justice in To Kill A Mocking Bird and Silas Marner2235 Words   |  9 PagesThe Instances of Injustice and Justice in To Kill A Mocking Bird and Silas Marner In this essay I am going to compare and contrast the instances of injustice and justice in To Kill A Mockingbird and Silas Marner. To Kill A Mockingbird is set in Maycomb, in the southern state of Alabama during the years, 1933-35, the time of the Great Economic Depression. Racial prejudice was particularly strong in the Southern States due to the earlier abolishment of slavery, slaveryRead MoreComparative Essay; to Kill a Mockingbird and the Colour Purple3841 Words   |  16 PagesOne Will Take What He Is Given The purpose of Alice Walker’s novel The Color Purple and Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is to demonstrate the hardships that are met when ignorance and tradition bring about the influence of sexism, racism and genuine prejudice to the general public. Ignorance is the root cause of prejudice as it prevents one to see beauty, so when it comes to dealing with the discriminating behavior held in this social order, the vast majority of people are judged by the labelRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Compared with Jasper Jones4580 Words   |  19 PagesIntroduction Prejudice refers to the judgements towards a person because of their race, social class, age, disability or sexual orientation. (Cherry, â€Å"What is Prejudice?†) Prejudice was, and still is, to a large extent experienced by people all over the world. It is a theme that is presented in so many works of literature in a plethora of different ways. One of the most prominent ways in which prejudice is explore d is through the use of characters that perhaps are a different nationality or haveRead MoreStereotypes Then, Now and Later1396 Words   |  6 Pageshave heard, come to a decision, and restore this defendant to his family. In the name of God, do your duty.† (109-110, e-book) In this essay the main discussion will be based upon how Harper Lee uses literary means as a way to present the way characters respond to cultural stereotypes and how it affects the deliverance of justice. The novel of â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† is conveyed and narrated to us by a young girl, Jean Louise Finch (Scout) who is raised by a single father living in the small, congestedRead MoreCreating Opportunities For Students Proficiency Directing Their Own Learning And Have Done So Within My Classroom Environment Essay1865 Words   |  8 Pagesof the classroom environment. EXAMPLE 2- Throughout the course of the term, the year 11’s were deconstructing the themes and ideologies behind Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†. This required students to have an understanding of messages present within the text, how to analyse these messages and place them within a structured essay layout. Over the first few weeks of the term, students focused purely on the ideologies and discourses present throughout the novel, they were then asked to deconstruct

Why Marjane Satrapi Graphic Form - 1803 Words

Why Marjane Satrapi chose to tell her story Persepolis in the graphic form The graphic novel Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi was written in the graphic medium to appeal to a wider audience. Literary critic, Manuela Constantino, proposes that â€Å"the combination of a visual representation and a child’s point of view makes the story easily accessible and therefore attracts a wide range of readers.† (Constantino, 2008: 2) Another plausible reason for Satrapis choice to do the novel in this medium is the apparent popularity graphic novels enjoyed at the point of the memoir’s publication. Writing the novel graphically, brings the Middle Eastern novel closer to its Western readers. As Constantino wrote; Satrapi emphasizes â€Å"the universal qualities of†¦show more content†¦(Satrapi, 2003: 126) This brings another dimension to the relationship between Marji and her readers. Writing the novel in graphic form brings the Middle Eastern graphic novel closer to its Western neighbours because it is in a medium that is recognizable in the West. In addition, Satrapi’s depiction of Muslim leaders as uneducated, primitive, and narrow-minded brutes strengthens her connection with her Western readers whose perception of Muslim extremists might indeed be quite similar to the one crafted in the autobiography. (Constantino, 2008: 4) The novel Persepolis is effective because it was written to please a specific type of community. It uses language and cultural barriers in the illustrations and text to further separate the reader from the antagonists. â€Å"Satrapi’s Persepolis appeared, significantly, at a time when memoirs have been experiencing a great surge of popularity.† (Malek, 2006: 8) The time of the publication of the memoir deemed critical to its success. It was published around the time where graphic novels were coined â€Å"the most important narrative mode of our contemporary culture.† (Miller, 2000: 421) It shared the lime light with other graphic novels, the likes of Craig Thompson’s â€Å"Blankets† and Joe Sacco’s â€Å"The Fixer†. (Time, 2003) Satrapi chose the perfect time to debut her graphic memoir as she was able to ride ‘the literary high’ comics were experiencing at that point in time. AShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Marjane Satrapi s The Veil 1393 Words   |  6 Pageswas forced to leave Iran things take a toll for the worse. In the graphic memoir Persepolis, Marjane Satrapi highlights the sudden transition from a modernized society to a strictly religious environment in Iran during the 1970s through the use of juxtaposition in panels. Satrapi’s use of symbolism such as the veil, the posters, and books enhance the oppression that women in Iran face reign of the Ayatollah. Satrapi begins her memoir in a significant manner by titling the first sectionRead MoreThe Veil: Marjanes Journey to Individuality Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pagesappearance, but it contributes to stifling one’s individuality. In Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis, Marjane, the main character, lives in Iran and is required, by fear of punishment, to wear a veil that only leaves her face uncovered. The veil becomes an important symbol and throughout the novel, the reader can see the lasting impact the veil has on Satrapi. It begins as something foreign and detestable to young Marjane; a simple piece of clothing that deprived her of her free will, intoRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s Persepolis Story1487 Words   |  6 PagesMarjane Satrapi’s Persepolis tells the story of her life as a young girl in Iran during the Islamic Revolution. Satrapi’s story is told through an autobiographical graphic novel which is revolutionary because such stori es are often told through more common mediums such as Television interviews and text based novels; this difference helps to set Persepolis apart from other works about revolutionary Iran. The Persian people have been largely dehumanized by mass media in a post September 11th societyRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Marjane Satrapi1307 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel, Marjane Satrapi’s growth as a person seems to be a highlight that is almost as intriguing to track as the plot itself. Her loss of innocence and personal change can be linked to growing up within an environment of unrest and struggle. In regards to this idea, the character of Marjane Satrapi symbolizes a coming of age theme. Her relationships with surrounding characters, and experiences throughout her life heavily influence her perception and who she grows up to be.   Ã‚   The graphic novel portraysRead MoreRebellion in Persepolis617 Words   |  3 Pagesa Childhood by Marjane Satrapi is an autobiography graphic novel. The book is about a young girl named Marjane Satrapi growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution. In the book, many stories and struggles are presented, such as the Islamic revolution, issues with school, the war between Iran and Iraq, and Satrapi’s struggle with growing up. The strongest theme from all of these situations in the novel is rebellion. Rebellion is constantly seen, in many different shapes and forms, all throughoutRead MoreMarjane Satrapi’s Challenging of Stereotypes in Persepolis Essay example1112 Words   |  5 PagesIn Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis, Satrapi states that her goal in writing the book was to dispel many of the hasty generalizations made by the western world about Iran, a principal sentiment being that the country is little more than a nation founded by fundamentalists and home to terrorists and extremists. To combat the misconception, Satrapi enlists the assistance examples of barriers and dissent towards the new conservative regime in Iran from her adolescence. By employing eventsRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s The Iranian Revolution Of 1979 1317 Words   |  6 Pagesthis novel, Marjane is an Iranian girl living during the turmoil of the Islamic Revolution and eventually the Iran-Iraq War. She is invested in the politics of her world even from a very young age, though her views are a little skewed due to lack of direct experience. As she grows, however, her loyalty to her religion and her country warps and fades as she comes face-to-face with the reality of the world rather than her simplified and romanticized concept of it. Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel PersepolisRead MoreMarjane Satrapi’s Challenging of Stereotypes in Persepolis1059 Words   |  4 PagesMarjane Satrapi’s Challenging of Stereotypes in Persepolis In Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis, Satrapi states that her goal in writing the book was to dispel many of the hasty generalizations made by the Western world about Iran, a principal sentiment being that the country is little more than a nation founded by fundamentalists and home to terrorists and extremists. To combat the misconception, Satrapi enlists the assistance of examples from her adolescence of barriers and dissent towardsRead MorePersepolis Socioeconomic Class Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pagessocial class† (APA). Therefore, socioeconomic class greatly influences health, education, and opportunities. In some instances, these influences can be positive while in other negative. In the graphic novel Persepolis we see the life of a young girl who grows up during the Islamic revolution. Throughout the graphic novel there many aspects that shine light on the main characters socioeconomic class and how she benefits from it. Likewise, in the short story Hands we see a major theme of socioeconomic classRead MorePersepolis Essay998 Words   |  4 Pagesconservative sect of the population, which viewed religion as the proper and only reasonable way for society to operate, and the more liberal side of the population, which had far more westernized views clashed with each other. In Marjane’s Strapi’s graphic novel Persepolis, the author explores the theme of conflicts between traditional ideas and westernization, and how the two different ideologies can dismantle a society, in order to show how the Islamic Revolution negatively altered Marji’s perspective

The Operations Management

Question: Discuss about the Operations Mangement ? Answer : Introducation The ARKAN Company is a public joint stock company located in the Abu Dhabi. The company began its operations in 2005. Arkan Company registered as ADX: ARKAN is owned by the government of Abu Dhabi and is specialized in the manufacture of construction and building products. 51% of the companys shares are owned by the SENAAT, which is the Abu Dhabis government entity with the responsibility of promoting sustainable industrial operations. The remaining, 49% of shares, are owned by the United Arab Emirate nations. The companys stocks are traded in the Abu Dhabis stock exchange market (Arkan Company, 2017). Arkan is a major player in the Gulf Countries building and construction industry dealing with a diversified range of products. Such products include cement, Slags, building blocks, pavers, Dry mortal, Anabeeb pipes, Arkan bags and Clinker among others (Arkan Company, 2017). The Arkan Companys operation is based on the Greenfield development and strategic partnership with other manufacturers. The companys objective is focused on growing and expanding its market base globally and within the Gulf countries. Through its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiative, the company is committed to promoting the local economies by partnering with the locals. This has been achieved by offering employment opportunities. Likewise, the company is engaged in training the people of UAE nations on the importance of environment-friendly operations (Arkan Company, 2017). The companys success and competitive advantage in the industry are as a result of solid leadership, benchmarking and diversified portfolio. With its leading in the position, Arkan is the customers and investors choice in the market. Arkan takes a swift response to the industrial changes by aligning its products and services with the customer needs. Lastly, the companys success is based on high standards of business ethics (Arkan Company, 2017). Strategy of the Company Arkans Vision To be the leading building materials company in the UAE and GCC The company has achieved part of its vision. Arkan is leading in the production and sales of construction and building materials in the UAE and GCC market. It is a company of choice; most of the customers love to associate with the Arkan brand and products (Heracleous, 2003). Arkans Mission To develop profitable building materials operations that create value for the shareholders, community and customers, based on social responsibility and human resources capability Illustration: Arkan has made several milestones in its quest to fulfill its vision. It has a large consumer base in the UAE and GCC. It responds swiftly to the market needs to satisfy its customers. This way the company has managed to expand its revenue base and create value for its investors. Lastly, the company is engaged in CSR with the aim to promote the lifestyle and economic improvement for the locals. Arkan provides them with employments opportunities. Conversely, the company does facilitate training of the people on the environment-friendly operations through conferences, training programs, and sponsored events (Miles, 2003). Clearly, Arkan Company focuses on differentiation and response strategies for its operations. First, the company uses Arkan bags to bag its products. This has created the uniqueness of its products from those produced by the competitors. Branding and packaging are differentiation strategy used by many companies. Second, the company has invested in a swift response strategy in handling changes in the market. Arkan acts by the consumer needs and behavior (Heracleous, 2003). Lastly, the productivity in the four segments of Arkan Company is based on the market demands. The demand for clinkers is 4million tons per annum and 5.7million tons per annum. Likes the company has to produce approximately 240,000 blocks and pavers per day. The demand for this essential products sets the productivity level. Each production demand has a set target which they strive to meet as a way of keeping at par with the customer needs (Miles, 2003). Forecasting The Arkan Company uses several forecasting approaches to estimate its future operations as well as the performance of the industry. The Company uses qualitative methods, Time series methods, and explanatory methods. Under the qualitative methods, the company uses the Delphi and visionary techniques to make future forecasting. By assembling experts, sales executives and team, consultants and supervisors, the company comes up with a forecast plan overcome the frequent changes in the industry (Makridakis, 1997). Time series methods are applicable when the projection is based on the past performance of the products. By analyzing the past performance trend of the companys products, the management develops a linear performance trend that is used to determine the future performance. The industrial survey is used at the Arkan Company to examine the operations different stakeholders like consumers, competitors, suppliers and creditors. The findings are then used to anticipate the future performance of the company (Steven C. Wheelwright, 2007). Lastly, regression analysis is used when relating to items such as sales and consumers incomes in projecting the future sales. Lastly, the explanatory methods are used to determine how the performance of one variable would affect another variable. For example, the company conducted the causal-effect analysis on increasing environment activism and how it would affect its sales in the future (Makridakis, 1997). Time Horizon Range Horizon Application areas Forecasting Methods Long Above 5 years Organization planning Product planning Capacity planning Market information Economic trend Demographic Technology Intermediate 1-2 years Production Plan Staffing plan Regression Time Series Short Less than One year Job Scheduling Purchasing Graphical Methods Trend exploration Exponential smoothing Capacity Planning At the Arkan Company, capacity planning comprises of the activities named below; Examining the existing capacity. Anticipating capacity needs. Establishing other ways of modifying capacity. Evaluating economic, technological, and financial capacity alternatives. Choose the most suitable capacity planning alternative. The company uses three steps to planning its capacity First, the company determines the work to be done and the workers to execute them. This is achieved through; Defining the workloads Determining the work unit Identifying the service level under each workload. Second, the management then analysis the current capacity at the organization. Current capacity is determined by; Comparing service levels and company objectives. Measure general resources usage Measure resource consumption via workload Establish elements of capacity response time Last, the management plans the future capacity using forecasts. In planning for the future capacity, the following situations should be considered. Establishing the future production requirements Planning the future system configurations In a situation where both the capacity and demand are an imbalance, the company takes both short term and long term measures (Patnaik, 2015). Short-term measures include; a) decreasing or increasing the workforce and producing more products during the lean period to be sold during the high demand period. Long-term measures are; a) expanding the current capacity or creating new ones if there is a shortage. And, selling or closing the excess capacity is in excess. The company can also relocate excess capacity to other investments. Process Selection and Facility Layout Cement is a major product by the Arkan Company. The section highlights the cement production process by the company. The process of the producing cement involves two steps. The first step involves feeding the raw materials into the kiln system. The output from this process is clinker which comprises of aluminates, ferrites of calcium and silicates (Arkan Company, 2017). The clinker process begins when the raw materials such as chalk, marl, limestone, iron ore, clay, shale, and sand are quarried. The raw materials are then crushed, grounded and mixed to get a smooth blend which is then stored. Handling of raw materials is done using both dry and wet processes. The choice of either to use dry process or wet process is based on the type of raw material, the technology, and the production cost. The final step under the clinker step is through the cooling phase (Wisner, 2008). The second phase involves grounding of the clinker adding other minerals with anhydrite or gypsum. The minerals added to the clinker are limestone, silica fume, fly ash, blast or natural pozzolanas. The composition of the components varies depending on the type of the cement to be produced. Diagram: Cement process. Note that the whole production process must follow the design presented below which, by the way, is a continuous process. The company has to meet the consumers demand as prescribed under the capacity planning. The company has a strategic layout which ensures; Effective utilization of equipment, people, and space Improved flow of materials, people and information Safe working environment and enhanced employee motivation Improved client interaction Product and Service Design Product design refers to creating a product that will appeal to the customers and make them buy. Arkans cement has been designed to meet the following characteristics; Appearance Materials Quality Cost Dimensions Performance standards Tolerance The company has done sufficient research on the kind of product that would appeal to the customers based on the feasibility study. The companys cement meets the functionality, manufacturing, maintainability and reliability aspects in the industry (Ulrich, 2003). However, it should be noted that cement is a common product in the market. It lacks differentiations hence a high competition level in the industry. The product is similar in quantity, cost, materials used and performance. The only difference between the Arkan cement and other substitute cement is the packaging bag. I can say that the Arkan did a good research and designed a product that many stakeholders love to associate with. The Arkan cement enjoys a large market share in the Gulf countries (Wisner, 2008). To keep its customers appeal high, the company should ensure that; Focus on improving quality, cost and performance of the product Improve or maintain market share for its cement product which is at its maturity stage. Have a small but steady improvement of the product Keep up to date with the customers perception of its products to ensure that quality is maintained every time. Ensure that the production process has been standardized. Location The Arkan Company is located in the Abu Dhabi City in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Abu Dhabi is the second busiest and populated city in the UAE after Dubai. While many factors were considered when choosing the current location of the company, the main factors included; Nearness to the customer- This is considered as important factors when choosing the location. Abu Dhabi in a centralized location which makes its easier to access other markets within the UAE. Considering the economy was slowly shifting from depending on oil and fuel to industrialization and real estate sectors, there was a ready market for the product in Abu Dhabi (Arkan Company, 2017). Availability of raw material- The Company is located in the mining field to ease transport expenses. Abu Dhabi is known to be rich in limestone, chalk, and blast which are the main components in the manufacturing of cement and other products. Adequate infrastructures- Abu Dhabi is well connected regarding transportation, water supplies, and communication facilities. Some of the means of transport available in the region are seaports, good roads, airports and railway. This makes it easier to connect with other cities. The choice of the location for Arkan was the best one considering the companys growth since it started its operation. With the ever-growing UAEs industrialization and construction industry, Arkan has successfully dominated the market with its products which are applying to the customers and investors. Location Factor Rating Table Score Weighted Score Factor Weight Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Labour Attitude 0.3 80 65 90 24 19.5 27 Raw material availability 0.2 100 91 75 20 18.2 15 Adequate infrastructures 0.3 60 95 72 18 28.5 21.6 Nearness to the customer 0.2 75 80 80 15 20 20 Sum 1 77 86.2 83.6 Abu Dhabi had the highest score of 86.2 and was therefore chosen. Quality Management The Arkan Company has invested a lot of time and resources in the management of its product quality. The management, employees, supervisors and customers opinion are incorporated in the continuous improvement of product quality. The major quality determinant factors by the management are; Quality of product design- The company basis the design of the product on factors such as production capabilities, customer wants, cost, safety, liability and other considerations. Through these factors, the final product has always represented the quality that were initially intended by the designer (George, 2004). Conformance- Ensuring that the final product conforms to the intended design is important in maintaining the quality. The management have ensured that there is effective equipment, continuous employee training, required skills and that the employees are fully motivated. The products are monitored to assess the product conformance. With a huge difference, corrective action is taken (Madu, 2008). Ease of use is another determinant of quality used by the company. The company provides instruction to the customers on how to use its products. This is to ensure that product functions safely and properly as intended. The instruction includes the direction of unpacking its products as well (George, 2004). The last determinant of quality is the reliability of the products. Here the question to be answered is whether or not the product performance is consistency. The company has put in place adequate measures to ensure that the quality of its products has been maintained. However, the process does not include inspection and taking corrective action. Therefore, the management should use the Total Quality Management (TQM) flow chart in its quality management (Jain, 2001). Conclusion The Arkan Company is the market leader in the UAE building and manufacturing industry. Arkan deals in a diversified range of products. The Arkan Companys operation is based on the Greenfield development and strategic partnership with other manufacturers. The companys objective is focused on growing and expanding its market base globally and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives The companys success and competitive advantage in the industry are as a result of solid leadership, benchmarking and diversified portfolio. With its leading in the position, Arkan is the customers and investors choice in the market. Arkan responds to the industrial changes by aligning its products and services with the consumer needs. Therefore, Arkans strategies focus on differentiation and response strategies for its operations. These are the factors that have kept the company growing and expanding. Recommendations I have to recommendations for the company; First, although the company engages in CSR little has been done on environment sustainability. It should be understood that consumers today are environmentally conscious. They like to associate with a company whose activities are environmentally friendly. Therefore, Arkan Company should implement environment management programs within the mining fields. The programs should comprise of preventive measures against environmental hazards that might arise from its operations. Second, the company should invest in the modern technology that would ensure efficiency its production, transportation, and logistics operations. Having advanced technology ensures high quality of products, standardized production process and reduced cost of operations. References Allspaw, J. (2008). The Art of Capacity Planning: Scaling Web Resources. Washington, DC: O'Reilly Media. Arkan Company. (2017, 3 16). Arkan Company. Retrieved from About Us : https://arkan.ae/en/about-us/ George, M. L. (2004). The Lean Six Sigma Pocket Toolbook: A Quick Reference Guide to 100 Tools for Improving Quality and Speed . United Kingdom: McGraw-Hill Education. Hanke, J. E. (2009). Business Forecasting. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice-Hall . Heracleous, L. (2003). Strategy and Organization: Realizing Strategic Management . Chicago: Cambridge University Press. Jain, J. P. (2001). Quality Control and Total Quality Management. London: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Madu, C. (2008). Handbook of Total Quality Management. New York: Springer. Makridakis, S. G. (1997). Forecasting: Methods and Applications. New York: Wiley. Manas, J. (2014). he Resource Management and Capacity Planning . New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Miles, R. E. (2003). Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process. Starnford: Stanford Business Books. Patnaik, S. (2015). Operations Management. United Kingdom: Lulu.com. Steven C. Wheelwright. (2007). Forecasting methods for management. New York: Wiley. Ulrich, K. T. (2003). Product Design and Development. New Delhi: McGraw-Hill Education. Wisner, J. D. (2008). Process Management: Creating Value Along the Supply Chain. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western .

The Poetical Works of John Milton Essay Example For Students

The Poetical Works of John Milton Essay And God said, Let the waters generate, Reptile with spawn abundant, living soul: And let fowl fly above the earth, with wings Displayed on the open firmament of heaven. And God created the great whales, and each Soul living, each that crept, which plenteously The waters generated by their kinds, And every bird of wing after his kind; And saw that it was good, and blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, multiply, and In the seas And lakes and running streams the waters fill; And let the fowl be multiplied on the earth. John Milton (1608-1674), antics poet. Paradise Lost (l. BC. VII, l. 387-398). FM. The Complete Poetry of John Milton. We will write a custom essay on The Poetical Works of John Milton specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now John T. Scarecrows, De. (1963, rev. De. 1971 ) Doubleday Hail wedded love, mysterious law, true source Of human offspring, sole propriety, In paradise of all things common else. By thee adulterous lust was driven from men Among the bestial herds to range, by thee Founded in reason, loyal, just, and pure, Relations dear, and all the charities Of father, son, and brother first were known. Far be It, that I should write thee sin or blame. Of think thee unfitting holiest place, Perpetual fountain of domestic sweets, Whose bed Is undefiled and chaste pronounced, Present, or past, as saints and patriarchs used. Here love his golden shafts employs, here lights His constant lamp, and waves his purple wings, Reigns here and revels; not in the bought smile Of harlots, loveless, Joyless, endeared, Casual fruition, nor in court amours Mixed dance, or wanton mask, or midnight ball, Or serenade, which the starved lover sings To his proud fair, best quitted with disdain. These lulled by Nightingales embracing slept, And on their naked limbs the flowery roof Showered roses, which the morn repaired. Sleep on, Blest pair; and O yet happiest If ye seek No happier state, and know to know no more. john Milton (1608-1674), antics poet. Readies Lost (l. BC. IV, l. 750-775) The Complete Poetry of John Milton. John T. Scarecrows, De. (1963, rev. De. 19 And God Be fruitful, multiply, and in the seas And let the fowl be multiplied on the earth. John Milton (1608-1674), British poet. Paradise Lost (l. BC. VI, l. 387-398). FM. The Complete Poetry of John Milton. John T. Scarecrows, De. (1963, popular Poems An E pitaph on the Admirable Dramatic Poe An Epitaph On The Marchioness Of Winches Another On The Same Arcades At a Solemn Music At A Vacation Exercise In The College, At A Vatican Exercise (excerpt) Combs (excerpts) Carjack, Whose Grandkids From Arcades From Samson Agonies I How Soon Hath Time Hymn on the Morning of Chrisms Nativity II Penrose More poems of John Milton  » Biography of John Milton John Milton was an English poet, polemicist, a scholarly man of letters, and a civil servant for the Commonwealth (republic) of England under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost. Millions poetry and prose reflect deep personal convictions, a passion for freedom and self determination, and the urgent issues and political turbulence of his day. Writing in English, Latin, and Italian, he achieved international renown within his lifetime, and his celebrated Replicating, (written in condemnation of pre-publication censorship) is among historys most influential and impassioned defenses of free speech and freedom of the press. William Hallways 1796 biography called him the greatest English author, and he remains generally regarded as one of the preeminent writers in the English language; though critical reception has oscillated in the centuries since his death (often on account of his republicanism). Samuel Johnson praised Paradise Lost as a poem which Tit respect to design may claim the first place, and with respect to performance, the second, among the productions of the human mind. Though Johnson (a Tory and recipient of royal patronage) described his politics as those of an acrimonious and surly republican. Because of his republicanism, Milton has been the subject of centuries of British partisanship (a nonconformist biography by John Tolland, a hostile account by Anthony Wood etc. ). Biography The phases of Millions life parallel the major historical and political divisions in Stuart Britain. Under the increasingly personal rule of Charles I and its breakdown in institutional confusion and war, Milton studied, traveled, wrote poetry mostly for private circulation, and launched a career as pamphleteer and publicist. Under the Commonwealth of England, from being thought dangerously radical and even heretical, the shift in accepted attitudes in government placed him in public office, and he even acted as an official spokesman in certain of his publications. The Restoration of 1660 deprived Milton, now completely blind, of his public platform, but this period saw him complete most of his major works of poetry. Millions views developed from his very extensive reading, as well as travel and experience, from his student days of the asses to the English Revolution. By the time of his death in 1674, Milton was impoverished and on the margins of English intellectual life, yet unrepentant for his political choices, and of Europe-wide fame. John Milton was born on Bread Street, London, on 9 December 1608, as the son of the composer John Milton and his wife Sarah Jeffrey. The senior John Milton (1562-1647) moved to London around 1 583 after being disinherited by his devout Catholic father, Richard Milton, for embracing Protestantism. In London, the senior John Milton reared Sarah Jeffrey (1572-1637), the poets mother, and found lasting financial success as a scrivener. He lived in, and worked from, a house on Bread Street, where the Mermaid Tavern was located in Capsized. The elder Milton was noted for his skill as a musical composer, and this talent left Milton with a lifetime appreciation for music and friendship with musicians such as Henry Laces. Millions fathers prosperity provided his eldest son with a private tutor, Thomas Young, and then a place at SST Palls School in London. There he began the study of Latin and Greek, and the classical languages left an imprint on his poetry in English he wrote also in Italian and Latin). His first datable compositions are two psalms done at age 15 at Long Pennington. One contemporary source is the Brief Lives of John Aubrey, an uneven compilation including first-hand reports. In the work, Aubrey quotes Christopher, Millions younger brother: When he was young, he studied very hard and sat up very late, commonly till twelve or one oclock at night. Milton matriculated at Chrisms College, Cambridge, in 1625 and graduated with a B. A. In 1629, ranking fourth of 24 honors graduates that year in the University of Cambridge. Preparing to become an Anglican priest, he stayed on to obtain his Master of Arts degree on 3 July 1632. Milton was probably rusticated for quarrelling in his first year with his tutor, William Chapel. He was certainly at home in the Lent Term 1626; there he wrote his Elegiac Prima, a first Latin elegy, to Charles Oddity, a friend from SST Palls. Based on remarks of John Aubrey, Chapel whip Milton. This story is now disputed. Certainly Milton disliked Chapel. Christopher Hill cautiously notes that Milton was apparently rusticated, and that the differences between Chapel and Milton may have been either religious or personal, as far as we can know. Another factor, possibly, was the plague, by which Cambridge was badly affected in 1625. Later in 1626 Millions tutor was Nathaniel Doves. At Cambridge Milton was on good terms with Edward King, for whom he later wrote Lucidly. He also befriended Anglo-American dissident and theologian, Roger Williams. Milton tutored Williams in Hebrew in exchange for lessons in Dutch. Otherwise at Cambridge he developed a reputation for poetic skill and general erudition, but experienced alienation from his peers and university life as a whole. Watching his fellow students attempting comedy upon the college stage, he later observed they thought themselves gallant men, and I thought them fools. .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .postImageUrl , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:hover , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:visited , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:active { border:0!important; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:active , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sounds like EssayMilton, due to his hair, which he wore long, and his general delicacy of manner, was known as the Lady of Chrisms. Debates on abstruse topics, conducted in Latin. His own corpus is not devoid of humor, notably his sixth prolusion and his epitaphs on the death of Thomas Hobnobs. While at Cambridge he wrote a number of his well-known shorter English poems, among them On the Morning of Chrisms Nativity, his Epitaph on the admirable Dramatic Poet, W. Shakespeare, his first poem to appear in print, Allegro and II Penrose. Study, Poetry, and Travel Upon receiving his M. A. N 1632, Milton retired to Hammerheads, his fathers new home since the previous year. He al so lived at Horton, Berkshire, from 1635 and undertook six years of self-directed private study. Christopher Hill points out that this was not retreat into a rural or pastoral idyll at all: Hammerheads was then a suburban village falling into the orbit of London, and even Horton was becoming deforested, and suffered from the plague. He read both ancient and modern works of theology, philosophy, history, politics, literature and science, in preparation for a prospective poetical career. Millions intellectual development can be charted via entries in his commonplace book (like a scrapbook), now in the British Library. As a result of such intensive study, Milton is considered to be among the most learned of all English poets; in addition to his years of private study, Milton had command of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, Spanish, and Italian from his school and undergraduate days; he also added Old English to his linguistic repertoire in the asses while researching his History of Britain, and probably acquired proficiency in Dutch soon after. Milton continued to write poetry during this period of study: his Arcades and Combs ere both commissioned for masques composed for noble patrons, connections of the Edgerton family, and performed in 1632 and 1634 respectively. Combs argues for the virtuousness of temperance and chastity. He contributed his pastoral elegy Lucidly to a memorial collection for one of his Cambridge classmates. Drafts of these poems are preserved in Millions poetry notebook, known as the Trinity Manuscript because it is now kept at Trinity College, Cambridge. In May 1638, Milton embarked upon a tour of France and Italy that lasted up to July or August 1639. His travels supplemented his study with new and direct experience of artistic and religious traditions, especially Roman Catholicism. He met famous theorists and intellectuals of the time, and was able to display his poetic skills. For specific details of what happened within Millions grand tour, there appears to be just one primary source: Millions own Defenses Seconds. Although there are other records, including some letters and some references in his other prose tracts, the bulk of the information about the tour comes from a work that, according to Barbara his sterling reputation with the learned of Europe. In , which I have always admired above all others because of the elegance, to Just of its tongue, but also of its wit, I lingered for about two months. There I at once became the friend of many gentlemen eminent in rank and learning, whose private academies I frequented -? a Florentine institution which deserves great praise not only for promoting humane studies but also for en couraging friendly intercourse. Millions account of Florence in Defenses Seconds He first went to Calais, and then on to Paris, riding horseback, with a letter from diplomat Henry Watson to ambassador John Accustomed. Through Accustomed, Milton met Hugo Grottos, a Dutch law philosopher, playwright and poet. Milton left France non after this meeting. He traveled south, from Nice to Genoa, and then to Lovelorn and Pisa. He reached Florence in July 1638. While there, Milton enjoyed many of the sites and structures of the city. His candor of manner and erudite neo-Latin poetry earned him friends in Florentine intellectual circles, and he met the astronomer Galileo, who was under virtual house arrest at Arctic, as well as others. Milton probably visited the Florentine Academy and the Academia Della Crusts along with smaller academies in the area including the Apatite and the Spotlight. He left Florence in September to continue to Rome. With the connections from Florence, Milton was able to have easy access to Romeos intellectual society. His poetic abilities impressed those like Giovanni Sailing, who praised Milton within an epigram. In late October, Milton, despite his dislike for the Society of Jesus, attended a dinner given by the English College, Rome, meeting English Catholics who were also guests, theologian Henry Holder and the poet Patrick Cary. He also attended musical events, including oratorios, operas and melodramas. Milton left for Naples toward the end of November, where he stayed only for a month because of the Spanish intro. During that time he was introduced to Giovanni Battista Manson, patron to both Torque Tasks and to Giovanni Battista Marino. Originally Milton wanted to leave Naples in order to travel to Sicily, and then on to Greece, but he returned to England during the summer of 1639 because of what he claimed, in Defenses Seconds, were sad tidings of civil war in England. Matters became more complicated when Milton received word that Oddity, his childhood friend, had died. Milton in fact stayed another seven months on the continent, and spent time at Geneva with Diktats uncle after he returned to Rome. In Defenses Seconds, Milton proclaimed he was warned against a return to Rome because of his frankness about religion, but he stayed in the city for two months and was able to experience Carnival and meet Luka s Holster, a Vatican librarian, who guided Milton through its collection. He was introduced to Cardinal Francesco Barbering who invited Milton to an opera hosted by the Cardinal. Around March Milton traveled once again to Florence, staying there for two months, attending further meetings of the academies, and spent time with friends. After leaving Florence he traveled through model of Republicanism, later important in his political writings, but he soon found another model when he traveled to Geneva. From Switzerland, Milton traveled to Paris and then to Calais before finally arriving back in England in either July or August 1639. Civil War, Prose Tracts, and Marriage On returning to England, where the Bishops Wars presaged further armed conflict, Milton began to write prose tracts against episcopacy, in the service of the Puritan and Parliamentary cause. Millions first foray into polemics was Of Reformation touching Church Discipline in England (1641), followed by Of Prelatic Episcopacy, he two defenses of Smuttiness (a group of Presbyterian divines named from their initials: the TTY belonged to Millions old tutor Thomas Young), and The Reason of Church-Government Urged against Prelate. With frequent passages of real eloquence lighting up the rough controversial style of the period, and deploying a wide knowledge of church history, he vigorously attacked the High-church party of the Church of England and their leader, William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. Though supported by his fathers investments, at this time Milton became a private schoolmaster, educating his nephews and other children of the well-to-do. This experience, and discussions with educational reformer Samuel Hartley, led him to write in 1644 his short tract, Of Education, urging a reform of the national universities. In June 1643 Milton paid a visit to the manor house at Forest Hill, Exosphere, and returned with a 16-year-old bride, Mary Powell. A month later, finding life difficult with the severe 35-year-old schoolmaster and pamphleteer, Mary returned to her family. Because of the outbreak of the Civil War, she did not return until 1645; in the meantime her desertion prompted Milton, over the next three years, to publish a rise of pamphlets arguing for the legality and morality of divorce. Anna Beer, one of Millions most recent biographers, points to a lack of evidence and the dangers of cynicism in urging that it was not necessarily the case that the private life so animated the public polemicist. ) In 1643 Milton had a brush with the authorities over these writings, in parallel with Wheezier Woodward, who had more trouble. It was the hostile response accorded the divorce tracts that spurred Milton to write Replicating, his celebrated attack on pre-printing censorship. .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .postImageUrl , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:hover , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:visited , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:active { border:0!important; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:active , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The poets present powerful feelings EssaySecretary for Foreign Tongues With the parliamentary victory in the Civil War, Milton used his pen in defense of the republican principles represented by the Commonwealth. The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (1649) defended popular government and implicitly sanctioned the regicide; Millions political reputation got him appointed Secretary for Foreign Tongues by the Council of State in March 1649. Though Millions main Job description called upon to produce propaganda for the regime and to serve as a censor. In October 1649 he published Sensationalist, an explicit defense of the regicide, in response to the Xenon Basilisk, a phenomenal best-seller popularly attributed to Charles I that portrayed the King as an innocent Christian martyr. A month after Milton had tried to break this powerful image of Charles I (the literal translation of Sensationalist is the image breaker), the exiled Charles II and his party published a defense of monarchy, Defenses Regina Pro Carol Promo, written by the leading humanist Claudia Salamis. By January of the following year, Milton was ordered to write a defense of the English people by the Council of State. Given the European audience and the English Republics desire to establish diplomatic and cultural astigmatic, Milton worked more slowly than usual, as he drew on the learning marshaled by his years of study to compose a riposte. On 24 February 1652 Milton published his Latin defense of the English People, Defenses Pro Populous Anglicans, also known as the First Defense. Millions pure Latin prose and evident learning, exemplified in the First Defense, quickly made him a European reputation, and the work ran to numerous editions. In 1654, in response to an anonymous Royalist tract Regis sanguine clamor, a work that made many personal attacks on Milton, he completed a second defense of the English nation, Defenses seconds, which praised Oliver Cromwell, now Lord Protector, while exhorting him to remain true to the principles of the Revolution. Alexander Moors, to whom Milton wrongly attributed the Clamor (in fact by Peter du Million), published an attack on Milton, in response to which Milton published the autobiographical Defenses pro SE in 1655. In addition to these literary defenses of the Commonwealth and his character, Milton continued to translate official correspondence into Latin. By 1654 Milton had become totally blind, probably due to the onset of glaucoma. This forced him to dictate his verse and prose to amanuenses (helpers), one of whom was the poet Andrew Marvel. One of his best-known sonnets, On His Blindness, is presumed to date from this period. Family Milton and Mary Powell (1625-1652) had four children: Anne (born 7 July 1646) Mary (born 25 October 1648) John (16 March 1651 -June 1652) Deborah (2 May 1652 His first wife, Mary Powell, died on 5 May 1652 from complications following Deborah birth. Millions daughters survived to adulthood, but he had always a strained relationship with them. On 12 November 1656, Milton was married again, to Katherine Woodcock. She died on 3 February 1658, less than four months after giving birth to a daughter, Katherine, Milton married for a third time on 24 February 1662, to Elizabeth Mannishly (1638- 1728), the niece of Thomas Mannishly, a wealthy apothecary and philanthropist in Manchester. Despite a 31 -year age gap, the marriage seemed happy, according to John Aubrey, and was to last more than 11 years until Millions death. (A plaque on the wall of Numskulls House in Manchester describes Elizabeth as Millions 3rd and Best wife Two nephews, John Phillips and Edward Phillips, were well known as writers. They ere sons of Millions sister Anne. John acted as a secretary, and Edward was Millions first biographer. The Restoration Though Cromwell death in 1658 caused the English Republic to collapse into feuding military and political factions, Milton stubbornly clung to the beliefs that had originally inspired him to write for the Commonwealth. In 1659 he published A Treatise of Civil Power, attacking the concept of a state-dominated church (the position known as Restaurants), as well as Considerations touching the likeliest means to remove hirelings, denouncing corrupt practices in church governance. As the Republic disintegrated, Milton wrote several proposals to retain a non- monarchical government against the wishes of parliament, soldiers and the people: A Letter to a Friend, Concerning the Ruptures of the Commonwealth, written in October 1659, was a response to General Lamberts recent dissolution of the Rump Parliament Proposals of certain expedients for the preventing of a civil war now feared, written in November 1659 The Ready and Easy Way to Establishing a Free Commonwealth, in two editions, responded to General Monks march towards London to restore the Long Parliament which led to the restoration of the monarchy). The work is an impassioned, bitter, and futile Jeremiad damning the English people for backsliding from the cause of liberty and advocating the establishment of an authoritarian rule by an oligarchy set up by unelected parliament. Upon the Restoration in May 1660, Milton went into hiding for his life, while a warrant was issued for his arrest and his writings burnt. He re-emerged after a general pardon was issued, but was nevertheless arrested and briefly imprisoned before influential friends, such as Marvel, now an PM, intervened. On 24 February 1663 Milton remarried, for a third and final time, a Waistcoats, Cheshire-born woman Elizabeth (Betty) Minimums, then aged 24, and spent the remaining decade of his life living quietly in London, only retiring to a cottage Millions Cottage in Cachalot SST. Giles, his only extant home, during the Great Plague of London. Textbook, Art of Logic, and a History of Britain. His only explicitly political tracts were the 1672 Of True Religion, arguing for toleration (except for Catholics), and a translation of a Polish tract advocating an elective monarchy. Both these works were offered to in the Exclusion debate the attempt to exclude the heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, from the throne of England because he was Roman Catholic that would preoccupy politics in the asses and ass and precipitate the formation of the Whig party and the Glorious Revolution. Milton died of kidney failure on 8 November 1674 and was buried in the church of SST Giles Cripplingly; according to an early biographer, his funeral was attended by his learned and great Friends in London, not without a friendly concourse of the Vulgar. Published Poetry Millions poetry was slow to see the light of day, at least under his name. His first published poem was On Shakespeare (1630), anonymously included in the Second Folio edition of Shakespeare. In the midst of the excitement attending the possibility of establishing a new English government, Milton collected his work in 1645 Poems. The anonymous edition of Combs was published in 1637, and the publication of Lucidly in 1638 in Justas Eduardo King Unafraid was signed J. M. Otherwise the 1645 collection was the only poetry of his to see print, until Paradise Lost appeared in 1667. Paradise Lost Millions magnum opus, the blank-verse epic poem Paradise Lost, was composed by he blind and impoverished Milton from 1658 to 1664 (first edition) with small but significant revisions published in 1674 (second edition). As a blind poet, Milton dictated his verse to a series of aides in his employ. It reflects his personal despair at the failure of the Revolution, yet affirms an ultimate optimism in human potential. Milton encoded many references to his unyielding support for the Good Old Cause. On 27 April 1667, Milton sold the publication rights to Paradise Lost to publisher Samuel Simmons for E, equivalent to approximately E,400 income in 2008, with a rather E to be paid if and when each print run of between 1,300 and 1,500 copies sold out.

Archibald MacLeish essays

Archibald MacLeish essays Twentieth century nonfiction was mostly written about the changes America was going through. Archibald MacLeish, a well-known poet,laywright, and public official, wrote about the social and political issues of the time. He argued that the personality of the poet should be independent from the integrity of the poem's existence. His public service work and concern for the social problems through his writing, make him a true all-American. Archibald MacLeish was born in 1892 in glencoe, Illinois. He served in World War I before studying law and earning a degree at Harvard. He was determined to concentrate on his writing so he joined the colony of famous writers in Paris. He wrote verses that reflected the many artistic and social concerns of the day. He wrote the volumes The Happy Marriage, The Pot of Earth, Streets on the Moon, and The Hamlet of a MacLeish during that time also. When he returned to his Massachusetts farm in 1928 he became editor of Fortune. He still continued to write poems and dramatic verse. His sense of socila concern was combined with his art. MacLeish's best poems are morally sensitive explorations of the human perdicament. Influences for his poetry were myth and literary tradition. Other influences were Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot. He also used biblical stories. A verse play J.B. was based on the book of Job. He won a Pulitzer prize for that play. MacLeish was successful in his lifetime winning a total of three Pulitzer prizes. the other were for Conquistador, about the spanish conquest, and Collected Poems. In the essay "the Unimagined America", from A Continuing Journey, Archibald MacLeish writes about the power of imagination and how it built America today. He calls upon Americans to be more imaginative and have faith in the future. His purpoes for writing the essay was to make readers aware of the fact that America took alot of creativity to be what it is today. ...

The Relationship Between Exchange Rates and Commodity Prices

The Relationship Between Exchange Rates and Commodity Prices Over the last several years, the value of the Canadian Dollar (CAD) has been on an upward trend, greatly appreciating relative to the American Dollar. A rise in commodity pricesInterest rate fluctuationsInternational factors and speculation Many economic analysts believe that the rise in the value of the Canadian Dollar is due to a rise in commodity prices stemming from increased American demand for commodities. Canada exports a great deal of natural resources, such as natural gas and timber to the United States. Increased demand for those goods, all else being equal, causes the price of that good to rise and the quantity consumed of that good to go up. When Canadian companies sell more goods at a higher price to Americans, the Canadian dollar to gains in value relative to the U.S. dollar, through one of two mechanisms: 1. Canadian Producers Sell to U.S. Buyers Who Pay in CAD This mechanism is quite straightforward. To make purchases in Canadian Dollars, American buyers must first sell American Dollars on the foreign exchange market in order to  buy Canadian Dollars. This action causes the number of American Dollars on the market to rise and the number of Canadian Dollars to fall. To keep the market in equilibrium, the value of the American Dollar must fall (to offset the larger quantity available) and the value of the Canadian Dollar must rise. 2. Canadian Producers Sell to U.S. Buyers Who Pay in USD This mechanism is only slightly more complicated. Canadian producers will often sell their products to Americans in exchange for American Dollars, as it is inconvenient for their customers to use foreign exchange markets. However, the Canadian producer will have to pay most of their expenses, such as employee wages, in Canadian Dollars. No problem; they sell the American Dollars they received from sales, and purchase Canadian Dollars. This then has the same effect as mechanism 1. Now that weve seen how the Canadian and American Dollars are linked to changes in commodity prices due to increased demand, next well see if the data matches the theory. How to Test the Theory One way to test our theory is to see if commodity prices and the exchange rate have been moving in tandem. If we find that they are not moving in tandem, or that they are completely unrelated, well know that changes in currency prices are not causing exchange rate fluctuations. If commodity prices and exchange rates do move together, the theory may still hold. In this  case, such correlation does not prove causation as there could be some other third factor causing exchange rates and commodity prices to move in the same direction. Though the existence of correlation between the two is the first step in uncovering evidence in support of the theory, on its own such a relationship simply does not disprove the theory. Canadas Commodity Price Index (CPI) In A Beginners Guide to Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market,  we learned that the Bank of Canada developed a Commodity Price Index (CPI), which tracks changes in the prices of commodities which Canada exports. The CPI can be broken down into three basic components, which are weighted to reflect the relative magnitude of those exports: Energy: 34.9%Food: 18.8%Industrial Materials: 46.3%(Metals 14.4%, Minerals 2.3%, Forest Products 29.6%) Lets take a look at the monthly exchange rate and Commodity Price Index data for 2002 and 2003 (24 months). The exchange rate data comes from the St. Louis Fed - FRED II and the CPI data is from The Bank of Canada. The CPI data has also been broken down into its three main components, so we can see if any one commodity group is a factor in the exchange rate fluctuations. The exchange rate and commodity price data for the 24 months can be seen at the bottom of this page. Increases in the Canadian Dollar and CPI The first thing to note is how the Canadian Dollar, the Commodity Price Index, and the 3 components of the index have all risen over the 2-year period. In percentage terms, we have the following increases: Canadian Dollar - Up 21.771%Commodity Price Index - Up 46.754%Energy - Up 100.232%Food - Up 13.682%Industrial Materials - Up 21.729% The Commodity Price Index has risen twice as fast as the Canadian Dollar. The bulk of this increase seems to be due to higher energy prices, most notably higher natural gas and crude oil prices. The price of food and industrial materials has also risen during this period, though not nearly as quickly as energy prices. Computing the Correlation Between Exchange Rates and CPI We can determine if these prices are moving together, by computing the correlation between the exchange rate and the various CPI factors. The economics glossary defines correlation in the following way: Two random variables are positively correlated if high values of one are likely to be associated with high values of the other. They are negatively correlated if high values of one are likely to be associated with low values of the other. Correlation coefficients are between -1 and 1, inclusive, by definition. They are greater than zero for positive correlation and less than zero for negative correlations. A correlation coefficient of 0.5 or 0.6 would indicate that the exchange rate and the commodity price index move in the same direction, whereas a low correlation, such as 0 or 0.1 would indicate that the two are unrelated. Keep in mind that our 24 months of data is a very limited sample, so we need to take these measures with a grain of salt. Correlation Coefficients for the 24 months of 2002-2003 Exch Rate Commodity Index .746Exch Rate Energy .193Exch Rate Food .825Exch Rate Ind Mat .883Energy Food .336Energy Ind Mat .169Food Ind Mat .600 We see that the Canadian-American exchange rate is very highly correlated with the Commodity Price Index over this period. This is strong evidence that increased commodity prices are causing a hike in the exchange rate. Interestingly enough, it appears that according to the correlation coefficients, rising energy prices have very little to do with the rise of the Canadian Dollar, but higher prices for food and industrial materials may be playing a big role. Energy prices hikes also do not correlate well with rises in food and industrial materials costs (.336 and .169 respectively), but food prices and industrial material prices do move in tandem (.600 correlation). For our theory to hold true, we need the rising prices to be caused by increased American spending on Canadian food and industrial materials. In the final section, well see if Americans are truly are buying more of these Canadian goods. Exchange Rate Data DATE 1 CDN = CPI Energy Food Ind. Mat Jan 02 0.63 89.7 82.1 92.5 94.9 Feb 02 0.63 91.7 85.3 92.6 96.7 Mar 02 0.63 99.8 103.6 91.9 100.0 Apr 02 0.63 102.3 113.8 89.4 98.1 May 02 0.65 103.3 116.6 90.8 97.5 Jun 02 0.65 100.3 109.5 90.7 96.6 Jul 02 0.65 101.0 109.7 94.3 96.7 Aug 02 0.64 101.8 114.5 96.3 93.6 Sep 02 0.63 105.1 123.2 99.8 92.1 Oct 02 0.63 107.2 129.5 99.6 91.7 Nov 02 0.64 104.2 122.4 98.9 91.2 Dec 02 0.64 111.2 140.0 97.8 92.7 Jan 03 0.65 118.0 157.0 97.0 94.2 Feb 03 0.66 133.9 194.5 98.5 98.2 Mar 03 0.68 122.7 165.0 99.5 97.2 Apr 03 0.69 115.2 143.8 99.4 98.0 May 03 0.72 119.0 151.1 102.1 99.4 Jun 03 0.74 122.9 16.9 102.6 103.0 Jul 03 0.72 118.7 146.1 101.9 103.0 Aug 03 0.72 120.6 147.2 101.8 106.2 Sep 03 0.73 118.4 135.0 102.6 111.2 Oct 03 0.76 119.6 139.9 103.7 109.5 Nov 03 0.76 121.3 139.7 107.1 111.9 Dec 03 0.76 131.6 164.3 105.1 115.5 Were Americans Buying More Canadian Commodities? Weve seen that the Canadian-American exchange rate and commodity prices, particularly the price of food and industrial materials, have moved in tandem over the last two years. If Americans are buying more Canadian food and industrial materials, then our explanation for the data makes sense. Increased American demand for these Canadian products would simultaneously cause an increase in the price of those products, and an increase in the value of the Canadian Dollar, at the expense of the American one. The Data Unfortunately, we have very limited data about the number of goods the American are importing, but what evidence we have looks promising. In The Trade Deficit and Exchange Rates, we looked at Canadian and American trade patterns. With data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau, we see that the U.S. dollar value of imports from Canada has actually went down from 2001 to 2002. In 2001, Americans imported $216 billion of Canadian goods, in 2002 that figure dropped to $209 billion. But by the first 11 months of 2003, the U.S. had already imported $206 billion in goods and services from Canada showing an increase year-over-year. What Does This Mean? One thing we have to remember, though, is that these are dollar values of imports. All this is telling us is that in terms of U.S. Dollars, Americans are spending slightly less on Canadian imports. Since both the value of the U.S. Dollar and the price of commodities has changed, we need to do some mathematics to find out if the Americans are importing more or fewer goods. For the sake of this exercise, we will assume the United States imports nothing but commodities from Canada. This assumption does not greatly affect the results, but it certainly makes the math much easier. Well consider 2 months year-over-year, October 2002 and October 2003, to show how the number of exports has increased significantly between these two years. U.S. Imports From Canada: October 2002 For the month of October 2002, the United States imported $19.0 billion of goods from Canada. The commodity price index for that month was 107.2. So if a unit of Canadian commodities cost $107.20 that month, the U.S. bought 177,238,805 units of commodities from Canada during that month. (177,238,805 $19B / $107.20) U.S. Imports From Canada: October 2003 For the month of October 2003, the United States imported $20.4 billion of goods from Canada. The commodity price index for that month was 119.6. So if a unit of Canadian commodities cost $119.60 that month, the U.S. bought 170,568,561 units of commodities from Canada during that month. (170,568,561 $20.4B / $119.60). Conclusions From this calculation, we see that the United States bought 3.7% fewer goods over this period, despite a price hike of 11.57%. From our primer on price elasticity of demand, we see that the price elasticity of demand for these goods is 0.3, meaning theyre very inelastic. From this we can conclude one of two things: The demand for these goods are not at all sensitive to price changes so American producers were willing to absorb the price hike.The demand for these goods at every price level increased (relative to former demand levels), but this effect was more than offset by the large jump in prices, so overall quantity purchased declined slightly. In my view, number 2 looks a lot more likely. During that period, the U.S. economy had been spurred by massive government deficit spending. Between the 3rd quarter of 2002 and the 3rd quarter of 2003, the U.S. Gross Domestic Product increased by 5.8%. This GDP growth indicates increased economic production, which would likely require increased use of raw materials such as timber. The evidence that increased demand for Canadian commodities has caused the rise in both commodity prices and the Canadian Dollar is strong, but not overwhelming.

Haiti earthquake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Haiti earthquake - Essay Example Haiti has seen many natural disasters in the past. The next section of the article talks about the deaths of UN personnel in the UN headquarters in Haiti. The number of deaths and missing personnel was not known. The head of the UN mission in Haiti, Hedi Annabi, was also inside the building. Haiti’s ambassador in US reported that many buildings including the presidential palace, the tax office, the ministry of commerce, the foreign ministry, and the local offices of the World Bank were destroyed. The President was reported to be safe. The airport was fine. US President Obama delivered his wishful thoughts and prayers. Emergency food aid and relief came from the Red Cross, the UNs World Food Programme, The Inter-American Development Bank, UK, Canada, Australia, France, and Latin America. The last section of the article talks about Henry Bahn, a visiting official, who reported his experience. The Tsunami watch was lifted when the danger of Tsunami

Hospital Case Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hospital Case Management - Essay Example Hospital case management is a process to meet patient needs with the best use of resources to provide the best quality treatment at the right cost. Case management is used to ensure the right clinical and financial outcome. The data used for statistical quality analysis is the medical expense, clinical workload and utilization. The care request is allotted the required services. The medical information for comparison is available. The referral of the case to the correct physician is a part of case management. The communication involved is also a part of case management. The case management program at this hospital is simple and effective. A model hospital follows the well defined procedures of continuous quality improvement. The quality program is based on delivering the best services to the patient. The risk management department at the naval hospital performs all the functions of a model facility. It monitors patient satisfaction and tracks patient outcomes. Other important aspects of quality are team based. The sub-divisions of the quality management department include performance improvement, risk management, credentials and infection control. The excellent working of the quality management department shows that the naval hospital fares well as compared to the model hospitals. The case management standards involve co-ordination, control of environment and funding. Case management is also used to buy equipment and supplies required for the services. Information is provided to the patients and their families. Case management facilitates professional rapport in the team. Changes are made as required depending on the condition of the patient. The care plan should be coordinated with the disease source. The standards also specify support to the family. The standards used here are USNHGUAMINST 6320.19 series, BUMEDINST 6010.13 series and Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) standards. The quality management department of the hospital has divisions for implementation of the work. The performance improvement division ensures continuous improvement. It also implements the total quality leadership. The quality procedures are included in the daily work in a systematic manner. The risk management division measures the quality of care and patient satisfaction. The credentials division evaluates the providers. It trains the health care providers and support staff. The infection control division identifies and reduces the risk of infection according to the established standards. The hospital has an educational program to promote health awareness. The utilization management division allocates the services and the resources. The case management division combines population health, managed care, quality improvement and preventive healthcare. The hospital applies disease state management. This is a process that encompasses the entire course of the disease from prevention to the completely healed patient. Thus we see that the hospital adheres to the best standards. A comparison with the model facility shows that the naval hospital exceeds

This Is Reggae Music Essay Example for Free

This Is Reggae Music Essay Jamaica has been known to be a tourist spot in the Caribbean Islands, because of the stress relieving feel in being one with natures elements.   Apart from Jamaicas notoriety as a tourist destination,   it also prides itself   with one of the most influential and popular musical styles of the contemporary era, Reggae.   Beginning from its humble origins during the 60s, Reggae has become a powerful forcein the field of music, which spawned various publications such as Lloyd Bradleys , This is Reggae Music: The Story of Jamaicas Music.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The book primarily follows the birth and development of Reggae during the 60s in a defining and clever manner.   During the time when other musical genres, especially those not of European or American origin, a Jamaican musical style rose to the occasion and proved that Reggae has transcended from the dim hopes of ever being recognized globally.   In a more significant perspective, Bradley explains that Reggae possesses a certain attitude that main stream music and artists fail to have, dedication (Bradley, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reggae has always been and always will be music for the people (Bradley, 2001), unlike the conventional tendencies of popular musicians who appear to exert less effort in making good music as their careers progress. The attitude that Bradley speaks of pertains to compassion for the listeners and not the headstrong arrogant tendencies of several popular recording artists and musicians.   Furthermore, Bradley states how Reggae is all about the music and the fans rather than the life, the fame and the glory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An ordinary listener would usually think of Bob Marley when the word Reggae is uttered, not that Bob Marley has given Reggae a bad name, but Reggae has more depth and substance further than what Marley offered. And if Marley would have been alive, he would not approve of his status as the epitome of Reggae.   In relation, Bradley has given life to Reggae as a musical style and as a culture.   He bequeaths the reader with a detailed account of Reggae from the root down to the audio systems used.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bradley begins This is Reggae Music: The Story of   Jamaicas Music with a listeners or a fans point of view wherein he describes the experience of being in a crowd watching a Reggae performance (Bradley, 2001).   Most musicians describe music or making music as something extraordinary in a sense that one would feel vibe or bolts of electricity flowing through the bloodstream, Bradley however describes making Reggae music as something magical or extraordinary as far as experience is concerned (Bradley, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The book then explains how the simplicity of Reggae came to describe it as music to the people, as the technicalities of dancing similar to disco and early Rock and Roll hits are explained as not the point of concern, the point of being among your own people (Bradley, 2001).   Bradley then segues in to a testimony of the life of Reggae as a versatile one, he describe its religious inclinations, social and cultural perspectives, and the global competence of Reggae as an art.   He also described the life of a Reggae musician in contrast to the Rock and Roll lifestyle of Sex, Drugs, and Rock Roll, with that said, Bradley insinuates that Reggae is not a slave to fame.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bradleys This is Reggae Music: The Story of   Jamaicas Music indicates the various styles, that Reggae has innovated and adopted, though not all of them are original .   The soul style which is a derivative of Jazz was adopted by Reggae, but the soul style of Reggae as Bradley describes concerns emotional harmonies of lyrics and instruments with a Reggae feel (Bradley, 2001).   Bradley also discussed the new dances that have emerged from the sub-genres of Reggae as well as how the evolution of technology went hand in hand with Reggae (Bradley, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a different note, Bradley has also described how Reggae died after the 1970s, he   particularly expresses his strong feelings of dislike for Marleys distinct style.   He also disliked Marleys political motivation of songwriting and how it tends to be corruptive.   He also forcibly placed   Reggaes globalization in a positive light, specifically, the British Reggae in the latter chapters of the book (Bradley, 2001).   The globalization topic, though finely detailed somehow ruins the presentation of the publications as Bradley tends to contradict his own opinion in discussing British Reggae.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bradley has come up with fine detailed work in explaining an underdog music that made its mark in the world.   Though there are certain flaws and biased points of view, Bradley still managed to give a vast explanation of Reggae and how it developed from a simple musical style in to a global phenomenon.   Bradley has introduced readers, listeners, musicians and non-musicians alike to the real road to reggae with a little bumps along the way. References Bradley, L. (2001). This is Reggae Music: The Story of Jamaicas Music . New York: Penguin   Ã‚   Books.

Smoking Essay -- Tobacco Cigarettes Essays

Smoking In the year 1973, 11 years prior to my birth, my grandfather made one of the most important decisions in his life. In the cold wind of March, my grandfather stood outside of Coon Rapids Bayard High School and smoked his last cigarette. That fall my mom and her sister Eileen had made a deal with my Grandpa that if their team made it to the Iowa Girl’s State Basketball Tournament he would give up his addiction to nicotine. This addiction to nicotine had haunted him since his days as an American soldier in World War II. My mom’s team, Elk Horn-Kimbalton, was up by 19 points at halftime, and it was quite evident they would reach the destination they had worked so hard for. Next to the â€Å"victory bell† my Grandpa decided to make this one special night for his immediate family as his daughters would see two of their dreams come true right before there eyes: Their dad to quit smoking and for their basketball team to play at the state tournament in Des Moines. My grandfather has been one of the most influential people in my life. Both my Grandma and him raised me for the majority of my childhood. He taught me the foundations of hard work, discipline, and dedication. The support he has given us grandchildren has been outstanding. Together they have never missed the biggest sporting events or tribulations that us grandkids have encountered in our short lives. He is in great health, but could he be in even better health if he had continued his addiction to nicotine? According to Peter Brimelow, in his article â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† he believes that you can receive many benefits from smoking, including the avoidance of many diseases that haunt our nation today. Could my Grandpa have continued to receive benefits... ... without end. Smoking now and never will be valuable to an individual’s health. The bottom line is that the drug nicotine can be very harmful to one’s health. This has been a wide range fact for quite some time. The health risks of smoking are displayed through advertisement’s daily. Despite scientific value related to smoking, the risks and dangers are too strong to make a valid argument in favor of smoking. Works Cited Brimelow, Peter. â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦.?† The Genre of Argument. Ed. Irene L.Clark. Boston: Thomson-Heinle, 1998. 141-142. American Lung Association. 2003. Fact Sheet: Smoking. 17 Mar. 2004 . Carroll, Bill. Smokers Health and Stop Smoking Information Center. Just How Dangerous is Smoking? 2000. 17 Mar. 2004 .

Dijkstra Paper

(A Look Back at) Go To Statement Considered Harmful Edsger Dijkstra wrote a Letter to the Editor of Communications in 1968, criticizing the excessive use of the go to statement in programming languages. Instead, he encouraged his fellow computer scientists to consider structured programming. The letter, originally entitled â€Å"A Case Against the Goto Statement,† was published in the March 1968 issue under the headline â€Å"Go To Statement Considered Harmful. † It would become the most legendary CACM â€Å"Letter† of all time; â€Å"Considered Harmful† would develop into an iconic catch-all.Dijkstra’s comments sparked an editorial debate that spanned these pages for over 20 years. In honor of the occasion, we republish here the original letter that started it all. Editor: For a number of years I have been familiar with the observation that the quality of programmers is a decreasing function of the density of go to statements in the programs they p roduce. More recently I discovered why the use of the go to statement has such disastrous effects, and I became convinced that the go to statement should be abolished from all â€Å"higher level† programming languages (i. e. verything except, perhaps, plain machine code). At that time I did not attach too much importance to this discovery; I now submit my considerations for publication because in very recent discussions in which the subject turned up, I have been urged to do so. My first remark is that, although the programmer’s activity ends when he has constructed a correct program, the process taking place under control of his program is the true subject matter of his activity, for it is this process that has to accomplish the desired effect; it is this process that in its dynamic behavior has to satisfy the desired specifications.Yet, once the program has been made, the â€Å"making† of the corresponding process is delegated to the machine. My second remark is that our intellectual powers are rather geared to master static relations and that our powers to visualize processes evolving in time are relatively poorly developed. For that reason we should do (as wise programmers aware of our limitations) our utmost to shorten the conceptual gap between the static program and the dynamic process, to make the correspondence between the program (spread out in text space) and the process (spread out in time) as trivial as possible.Let us now consider how we can characterize the progress of a process. (You may think about this question in a very concrete manner: suppose that a process, considered as a time succession of actions, is stopped after an arbitrary action, what data do we have to fix in order that we can redo the process until the very same point? ) If the program text is a pure concatenation of, say, assignment statements (for the purpose of this discussion regarded as the descriptions of single actions) it is sufficient to point in th e program text to a point between two successive action descriptions. In the absence of go to statements I can permit myself the syntactic ambiguity in the last three words of the previous sentence: if we parse them as â€Å"successive (action descriptions) â€Å"we mean successive in text space; if we parse as â€Å"(successive action) descriptions† we mean successive in time. ) Let us 7 PAUL WATSON COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM January 2008/Vol. 51, No. 1 Forum call such a pointer to a suitable place in the text a â€Å"textual index. † When we include conditional clauses (if B then A), alternative clauses (if B then A1 else A2), choice clauses as introduced by C.A. R. Hoare (case[i] of (A1, A2, †¦ , An)), or conditional expressions as introduced by J. McCarthy (B1__ >E1, B2 __ E2, †¦ , Bn __ > > En), the fact remains that the progress of the process remains characterized by a single textual index. As soon as we include in our language procedures we must admi t that a single textual index is no longer sufficient. In the case that a textual index points to the interior of a procedure body the dynamic progress is only characterized when we also give to which call of the procedure we refer.With the inclusion of procedures we can characterize the progress of the process via a sequence of textual indices, the length of this sequence being equal to the dynamic depth of procedure calling. Let us now consider repetition clauses (like, while B repeat A or repeat A until B). Logically speaking, such clauses are now superfluous, because we can express repetition with the aid of recursive procedures. For reasons of realism I don’t wish to exclude them: on the one hand, repetition clauses can be implemented quite comfortably with present day finite equipment; on the other hand, the reasoning pattern known as â€Å"induction† makes us well quipped to retain our intellectual grasp on the processes generated by repetition clauses. With the inclusion of the repetition clauses 8 textual indices are no longer sufficient to describe the dynamic progress of the process. With each entry into a repetition clause, however, we can associate a socalled â€Å"dynamic index,† inexorably counting the ordinal number of the corresponding current repetition. As repetition clauses (just as procedure calls) may be applied nestedly, we find that now the progress of the process can always be uniquely characterized by a (mixed) sequence of textual and/or dynamic indices.The main point is that the values of these indices are outside programmer’s control; they are generated (either by the write-up of his program or by the dynamic evolution of the process) whether he wishes or not. They provide independent coordinates in which to describe the progress of the process. Why do we need such independent coordinates? The reason is—and this seems to be inherent to sequential processes—that we can interpret the value of a variable only with respect to the progress of the process.If we wish to count the number, n say, of people in an initially empty room, we can achieve this by increasing n by one whenever we see someone entering the room. In the inbetween moment that we have observed someone entering the room but have not yet performed the subsequent increase of n, its value equals the number of people in the room minus one! The unbridled use of the go to statement has an immediate consequence that it becomes terribly hard to find a meaningful set of coordinates in which to describe he process progress. Usually, people take into account as well the values of some well chosen variables, but this is out of the question because it is relative to the progress that the meaning of these values is to be understood! With the go to statement one can, of course, still describe the progress uniquely by a counter counting the number of actions performed since program start (viz. a kind of normalized clock). Th e difficulty is that such a coordinate, although unique, is utterly unhelpful.In such a coordinate system it becomes an extremely complicated affair to define all those points of progress where, say, n equals the number of persons in the room minus one! The go to statement as it stands is just too primitive; it is too much an invitation to make a mess of one’s program. One can regard and appreciate the clauses considered as bridling its use. I do not claim that the clauses mentioned are exhaustive in the sense that they will satisfy all needs, but whatever clauses are suggested (e. g. bortion clauses) they should satisfy the requirement that a programmer independent coordinate system can be maintained to describe the process in a helpful and manageable way. It is hard to end this with a fair acknowledgment. Am I to judge by whom my thinking has been influenced? It is fairly obvious that I am not uninfluenced by Peter Landin and Christopher Strachey. Finally I should like to r ecord (as I remember it quite distinctly) how Heinz Zemanek at the pre-ALGOL meeting in early 1959 in Copenhagen quite explic- January 2008/Vol. 1, No. 1 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM itly expressed his doubts whether the go to statement should be treated on equal syntactic footing with the assignment statement. To a modest extent I blame myself for not having then drawn the consequences of his remark. The remark about the undesirability of the go to statement is far from new. I remember having read the explicit recommendation to restrict the use of the go to statement to alarm exits, but I have not been able to trace it; presumably, it has been made by C. A. R. Hoare. In [1, Sec. 3. . 1. ] Wirth and Hoare together make a remark in the same direction in motivating the case construction: â€Å"Like the conditional, it mirrors the dynamic structure of a program more clearly than go to statements and switches, and it eliminates the need for introducing a large number of labels in the prog ram. † In [2] Guiseppe Jacopini seems to have proved the (logical) superfluousness of the go to statement. The exercise to translate an arbitrary flow diagram more or less mechanically into a jumpless one, however, is not to be recommended.Then the resulting flow diagram cannot be expected to be more transparent than the original one. REFERENCES 1. Wirth, Niklaus, and Hoare, C. A. R. A contribution to the development of ALGOL. Comm. ACM 9 (June 1966), 413–432. 2. Bohn, Corrado, and Jacopini, Guiseppe. Flow Diagrams, Turing machines and languages with only two formation rules. Comm. ACM 9 (May 1966) 366–371. Coming Next Month in COMMUNICATIONS Alternate Reality Gaming IT Diffusion in Developing Countries Are People Biased in their Use of Search Engines?The Factors that Affect Knowledge-Sharing Behavior Alternative Scenarios to the â€Å"Banner† Years Municipal Broadband Wireless Networks The Myths and Truths about Wireless Security Managing Large Collection s of Data Mining Models Women and Men in IT: Alike or Different? EDSGER W. DIJKSTRA Technological University Eindhoven, The Netherlands Communications of the ACM March 1968, Vol. 11, No. 3, pg 147 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM January 2008/Vol. 51, No. 1 9